[ydm{©Îma HŸm OmJ«V V§Ì gmYZm H{|ŸÐ : Vmam[rR
AmaH{Ÿ ZraX
V§Ì gmÜmZm H{Ÿ obE [ydm{©Îma ^maV H{Ÿ _hËd[yÊm© Am¡a OmJ«V H{|ŸÐm{§ _{§ Vmam[rR EHŸ h¡. `h HŸm_»`m eo”V[rR H{Ÿ g_mZm§Va V§Ì gmYZm HŸm H{|ŸÐ h¡. CÎma dmohZr ÛmaHŸm ZXr H{Ÿ [míd© _{§ pñWV oMVm^yo_ _m§ Vmam HŸs gmYZm Am¡a AamYZm HŸm AoV àmMrZ ñWb h¡, Ohm§ _m§ HŸmbr _mV¥ êŸ[ _{§ h¡§ Am¡a ^JdmZ oed oeew êŸ[ _{§. oeew êŸ[ ^JdmZ oed HŸm{ _mVm Z{ ñVZ[mZ HŸam HŸa g_wÐ_§WZ g{ àmá odf H{Ÿ [mZ g{ X½Y CZH{Ÿ öX` Am¡a H§ŸR HŸm{ erVbVm àXmZ HŸs Wr. `hm§ gVr ( amOm Xj HŸs [wÌr Xmjm`Êmr Am¡a _hm`m{Jr ZQamO oed HŸs AÕm§oJZr [md©Vr) HŸm `hm§ Z{Ì ^mJ oJam h¡. BgobE `h ñWb 52 eo”V[rRm{§ _{§ g{ EHŸ h¡ Am¡a `h "Vmam[rR' HŸhbm`m.
_m§ Vmam "VmnaÊmr', "HŸë`mÊmr', "CJ«', "ogoÕ' Am¡a "dËgbm' êŸ[ _{§ `hm§ goX`m{§ g{ [yoOV h¡§. _m§ Z{ odf[mZ HŸs X½YVm HŸs CJ«Vm g{ oed HŸm{ ÌmÊm oXbm`m Wm. BgobE d{ CJ«Vmam HŸhr J`r§. oed HŸm{ oeew êŸ[ _{§ _m§ H{Ÿ Xw½Ym_¥V H{Ÿ [mZ HŸaZ{ g{ odf HŸs ObZ g{ ÌmÊm o_bm Wm, BgobE _m§ `hm§ VmnaÊmr HŸhbm`r§. CÝhm{§Z{ OJV H{Ÿ HŸë`mÊm H{Ÿ AW© _{§ HŸB© Abm¡oHŸHŸ M_ËHŸma `hm§ oXIm`{, BgobE d{ HŸë`mÊmr HŸhr J`r§. oeew oed HŸm{ A[Z{ dm_ ñVZ HŸm [mZ CÝhm{§Z{ _mV¥ ê[ _{§ HŸam`m Am¡a `hm§ Om{ _yoV© h¡, Cg_{§ _m§ HŸmbr oeew oed HŸm{ dmËgë`_`r X¥oï g{ A[bHŸ oZhmaVr hwBª àXoe©V h¡§, BgobE d{ `hm§ "dËgbm' HŸhr J`r§. _m§ H{Ÿ MaÊm _{§ [gar oMVm^yo_ Vm§oÌHŸm{§ Am¡a ogÕm{§ HŸs ^yo_ h¡. `hm§ _hof© doeï g{ b{HŸa ]m_mI{[m Am¡a CZH{Ÿ ]mX ^r Ag§»` Vm§oÌHŸm{§ Z{ ogoÕ [m`r. BgobE _m§ `hm§ "ogoÕ' Am¡a "ogoÕXmV¥' H{Ÿ êŸ[ _{§ [yoOV h¡§.
Vmam[rR Z H{Ÿdb Vm§oÌHŸm{§ Am¡a gmYHŸm{§, Ao[Vw _m§oÌHŸm{§, e¡dm{§, Am¡K¶Sm{§, HŸm[mobHŸm{§ Am¡a em”Vm{§ HŸm ^r gmYZm-AamYZm ñWb ahm h¡. `hm§ VHŸ oHŸ ]m¡Õm{§ HŸm ^r `h AmñWm Am¡a gmYZm HŸm H{|ŸÐ ]Zm.
Vmam[rR g{ Ow¶Sr Om{ HŸWmE§ h¡§, CZ_{§ _hof© doeï, ^JdmZ ]wÕ, amOm O`d«V Am¡a ]m_mI{[m (]m_m MÅm{[mÜ`m`) g{ Ow¶S{ àg§Jm{§ HŸm KZËd AoYHŸ h¡. HŸhV{ h¡§ oHŸ _hof© doeï Z{ `hm§ XrK© HŸmb VHŸ _m§ Vmam HŸs gmYZm HŸs Wr Am¡a ogoÕ [m`r Wr. XrK© HŸmb VHŸ _m§ HŸm_»`m HŸs gmYZm H{Ÿ C[am§V ^r ogoÕ àmoá Zhr§ hm{Z{ [a CÝhm{§Z{ ^JdmZ ]wÕ g{ Xrjm àmá HŸs Wr Am¡a VXZwgma `hm§ _m§ Vmam HŸs C[mgZm HŸs Wr. ]m¡Õ ]O«`mZr gmYHŸ _m§ Vmam H{Ÿ C[mgHŸ ah{ h¡§, E{g{ àg§J o_bV{ h¡§.
HŸhm OmVm h¡ oHŸ _hof© doeï Z{ `hm§ _m§ HŸm ^ì` _§oXa oZ_m©Êm ^r HŸam`m Wm, Om{ HŸmbm§Va _{§ ^yo_JV hm{ J`m. O`d«V Zm_HŸ ì`m[mar Z{ oOg eo”V-oebm HŸm{ ^yJ^© Z{ oZHŸmb HŸa `hm§ ñWmo[V oHŸ`m Wm, HŸhV{ h¡§ oHŸ dh Cgr _§oXa H{Ÿ J^©J¥h HŸm A§e Wm, oOgHŸm oZ_m©Êm _hof© doeð Z{ HŸam`m Wm. O`d«V HŸm{ b{HŸa HŸB© X§V HŸWmE§ h¡§. CZH{Ÿ AZwgma ÛmaHŸm ZXr hr CgHŸm ì`m[mnaHŸ _mJ© Wr Am¡a `hm§ H{Ÿ KZ{ O§Jb g{ dh àm`: JwOam HŸaVm Wm. Cgr H«Ÿ_ _{§ _m§ Z{ Cg{ ñdßZmX{e oX`m Am¡a CgZ{ ^yJ^© g{ eo”V-oebm HŸm{ ]mha oZHŸmb HŸa `hm§ ñWmo[V oHŸ`m. ÛmaHŸm ZXr HŸs Xygar Am{a ]gm h¡ AVbm Jm§d, Ohm§ 1830-35 H{Ÿ Amg[mg AË`§V XnaÐ ]«m÷Êm gdm©Z§X MÅm{[mÜ`m` Am¡a amOHwŸ_mar MÅm{[mÜ`m` H{Ÿ Ka ]m_m ^Q>>QmMm`© Z{ OÝ_ ob`m, Om{ ]më`HŸmb g{ hr _m§ Vmam HŸs gmYZm H{Ÿ à^md _{§ gmnaHŸ OrdZ ]m{Y g{ [a{ hm{ J`{ Am¡a B©hbm¡oHŸHŸ oH«Ÿ`mAm§{ HŸr gÎmm HŸm{ gË` _mZZ{ dmb{ g_mO Z{ CÝh{§ "I{[m"( [mJb) HŸs g§km X{ Xr. ]m_m I{[m g{ Ow¶Sr HŸB© X§VHŸWmE§ h¡§, Om{ ogÕ HŸaVr h¡§ H{Ÿ ]m_mI{[m Z{ o]Zm kmZ H{Ÿ A[Zr gƒr gmYZm g{ _m§ HŸs H¥Ÿ[m Am¡a ogoÕ [m`r. (...Omar)
(3-9-11)
2
oed, ed Am¡a í_emZ gmYHŸm{§ HŸs ^yo_ h¡ Vmam[rR
AmaH{Ÿ ZraX
Vmam[rR H{Ÿ _hmí_emZ _§{ AKm{a gmYZm HŸs [a§[am oOVZr àmMrZ h¡, CVZm hr HŸoRZ h¡ `hm§ gmYZm HŸm g§HŸë[ [yam HŸaZm. `h _hmí_emZ ^yo_ OmJ«V Am¡a CJ« h¡, Ohm§ A_mdñ`m HŸs amV _{§ gm_mÝ` _Zwî` H{Ÿ obE RhaZm ghO Zhr§ hm{Vm. `hm§ HŸm[mobHŸ oH«Ÿ`m hm{Vr h¡. Bg [wÊ` oMVm^yo_ [a ]hwV HŸmb [yd© oed gmYZm, í_emZ gmYZm Am¡a ed gmYZm VrZm{§ oH«Ÿ`mE§ hwAm HŸaVr Wr§. `h oMVm^yo_ H{Ÿ OmJ«V ñdêŸ[ HŸm hr à_mÊm h¡ oHŸ EHŸ ^r oXZ E{gm Zhr§ hm{Vm, O] `hm§ HŸm{B© oMVm Zhr§ MbVr hm{. [a§[am `h ^r ahr h¡ oHŸ O] VHŸ `hm§ HŸm{B© ed Zhr§ AmVm, V] VHŸ _m§ Vmam HŸm{ ^m{J Zhr§ bJVm. `h V§Ì[rR h¡ Am¡a `hm§ ed gmYZm Am¡a HŸm[mobHŸ oH«Ÿ`m HŸaZ{ dmb{ AKm{ar gmYHŸ gmbm{§ ^a o_b Om`{§J{.
AmO g{ Xm{-¶TmB© XeHŸ [yd© Vmam[rR EHŸ ghO Jm§d hwAm HŸaVm Wm. V] AmO HŸs Vah `hm§ ]mOma odñVma Zhr§ Wm. dmhZ ^r HŸ_ MbV{ W{. am_[wahmQ a{bd{ ñQ{eZ g{ àm`: bm{J na”em `m bmBZ ]g g{ `hm§ AmV{ W{. Nm{Qr-Nm{Qr Pm{[o¶S`m§§ Wr§, oOZ_{§ hm{Qb Ed§ [yOm H{Ÿ gm_mZ Am¡a àgmX HŸs XwHŸmZ{§ MbVr Wr§. ÛmaHŸm ZXr H{Ÿ Xm{Zm{§ Am{a H{Ÿ I{Vm{§ _{§ [”HŸ{ ]hwVbr` ^dZm{§ H{Ÿ ñWmZ [a \Ÿgbm{§ HŸs hna`mbr hwAm HŸaVr Wr. V] ^r `hm§ g_¥oÕ Wr- ^o”V Am¡a AZw^yoV HŸs. AmO ^r g_¥oÕ h¡- AW© HŸs, oH§ŸVw oMVm^yo_ HŸs dh AZw^yoV ghOVm g{ gwb^ Zhr§ h¡.
V] ÛmaHŸm ZXr _{§ Ob HŸm KZËd Am¡a ZXr HŸm odñVma AoYHŸ Wm. Vmam[rR AmZ{ dmb{ àm`: bm{J Bg ZXr _{§ ñZmZ HŸaV{ W{ Am¡a o\Ÿa _m§ HŸs [yOm HŸaV{ W{. RrHŸ d¡g{ hr O¡g{ X{dKa `m ]mgwoHŸZmW H{Ÿ oedJ§Jm _{§. V] `hm§ em§oV HŸs oXì` AZw^yoV `hm§ hm{Vr Wr Am¡a àm`: oXZ _{§ ^”V _hmí_emZ _{§ g_` ì`VrV HŸaV{ W{.
Bg _hmí_emZ _{§ Wm{¶Sr-Wm{¶Sr Xya [a A] ^r AYOb{ ]m§g Am¡a bHŸo¶S`m{§ g{ ]Zr Pm{[o¶S`m{§ _{§ _mZd ApñW`m{§ Am¡a Im{[o¶S`m{§ H{Ÿ T{a o_bV{ h¡§. BÝh{§ _ybV: HŸm[mobHŸ oH«Ÿ`m HŸaZ{ dmb{ gmYHŸ C[`m{J _{§ bmV{ h¡§.
A_mdg HŸs amV _{§ _hmí_emZ _{§ AmO ^r Abm¡oHŸHŸ oH«Ÿ`mE§ hm{Vr h¡§. í_emZ gmYHŸ ed H{Ÿ gmW Vm§oÌHŸ oH«Ÿ`mE§ HŸaV{ h¡§. ObV{ ed [a [m§d aI HŸa gmYZm- oH«Ÿ`m `hm§ A] ^r hm{Vr h¡, b{oHŸZ h_{em Zhr§. My§oHŸ _m§ Vmam HŸm ^m{J `hm§ H{Ÿ _hmí_emZ _{§ oHŸgr-Z-oHŸgr ed HŸs oMVm gOZ{ H{Ÿ ]mX hr bJVm h¡. BgobE ed H{Ÿ gmW gmYZm HŸs hm{Z{ dmbr oH«Ÿ`mAm{§ H{Ÿ obE Bg oMVm^yo_ HŸm{ CËH¥Ÿï, OmJ«V Am¡a C[`w”V _mZm OmVm h¡. `hr AmYma h¡ oHŸ `hm§ ed gmYZm HŸs XrK© [a§[am ahr h¡. _m§ Vmam Z{ g_wÐ _§WZ _{§ oZHŸb{ odf` H{Ÿ [mZ g{ oed H{ X½Y öX` HŸm{ Xw½Ym_¥V HŸm [mZ HŸam HŸa erVbVm àXmZ HŸs Wr Am¡a `hm§ oed Am¡a HŸmbr HŸm _mV¥-oeew ñdêŸ[ [yoOV h¡. BgobE AKm{ar gmYHŸm{§ Ûmam `hm§ oed gmYZm HŸs ^r XrK© [a§[am ahr h¡. oOg oMVm^yo_ _{§ `{ VrZm{§ AKm{a gmYZm hm{Vr hm{, E{g{ _hmí_emZ [ydm{©Îma _{§ HŸm_»`m [rR Am¡a HŸmbrKQ H{Ÿ AoVna”V HŸ_ hr h¡§.
(4.9.11)